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utility patent
In United States patent law, utility is a patentability requirement.〔U.S. CONST., art. I, §8, cl. 8 (Congress shall have the power "to promote the Progress of Science and ''useful'' Arts..." (emphasis not in original)); 35 U.S.C. § 101 (2008) ("Whoever invents or discovers any new and ''useful'' process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter...may obtain a patent...." (emphasis not in original)〕 As provided by , an invention is "useful" if it provides some identifiable benefit and is capable of use.〔Bedford v. Hunt, 3 F. Cas. 37 (C.C. Mass. 1817)("The law...does not look to the degree of utility; it simply requires that it shall be capable of use....")〕 The majority of inventions are usually not challenged as lacking utility, but the doctrine prevents the patenting of fantastic or hypothetical devices such as perpetual motion machines.
The patent examiners guidelines require that a patent application expresses a specific, credible, and substantial utility.〔See ''Brenner v. Manson'', 383 U.S. 519 (1966); USPTO, ''Utility Examination Guidelines,'' 66 Fed. Reg. 1092, 1098 (Jan. 5, 2001) ''available at'' http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/notices/utilexmguide.pdf〕 Rejection by an examiner usually requires documentary evidence establishing a ''prima facie'' showing that there is no specific, substantial, and credible utility.
European patent law does not consider utility as a patentability criterion.〔In this respect, decision (T 388/04 ) of March 22, 2006 of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office has made it clear that "''subject-matter or activities may be excluded from patentability under even where they have practical utility''" (headnote III.), thus ruling out the utility of an invention as a decisive patentability criterion.〕 Instead, it requires that to be patentable an invention must have industrial applicability.〔Under the European Patent Convention, see for instance .〕
== Utility criteria ==
In considering the requirement of utility for patents, there are three main factors to review: operability of the invention, a beneficial use of the invention, and practical use of the invention.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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